Salvia rosmarinus, commonly known as rosemary, is a shrub with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple, or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region.[3] Until 2017, it was known by the scientific name Rosmarinus officinalis, now a synonym.
It is a member of the sage family Lamiaceae, which includes many other medicinal and culinary herbs. The name “rosemary” derives from Latin ros marinus (“dew of the sea”).[4][5] The plant is also sometimes called anthos, from the ancient Greek word ἄνθος, meaning “flower”.[6] Rosemary has a fibrous root system.[3]
Proin in arcu sed ligula ullamcorper aliquam. Phasellus eget lectus quis nunc vehicula hendrerit. Integer pharetra felis libero, ultrices volutpat felis placerat a. Sed vestibulum pulvinar facilisis. Quisque consectetur ipsum a ultricies scelerisque. Nulla non rutrum magna. Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Ut porttitor maximus viverra. Quisque ut diam blandit, commodo quam at, mollis mauris. Mauris egestas nibh augue, efficitur elementum ante aliquet eget. Donec eget scelerisque libero. Vivamus diam lectus, lobortis faucibus libero quis, convallis ultrices urna.
Description
Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub with leaves similar to hemlock needles. It is native to the Mediterranean and Asia, but is reasonably hardy in cool climates. Special cultivars like ‘Arp’ can withstand winter temperatures down to about −20 °C.[7] It can withstand droughts, surviving a severe lack of water for lengthy periods.[8] In some parts of the world, it is considered a potentially invasive species.[3] The seeds are often difficult to start, with a low germination rate and relatively slow growth, but the plant can live as long as 30 years.[3]
Forms range from upright to trailing; the upright forms can reach 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall, rarely 2 m (6 ft 7 in). The leaves are evergreen, 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long and 2–5 mm broad, green above, and white below, with dense, short, woolly hair.
The plant flowers in spring and summer in temperate climates, but the plants can be in constant bloom in warm climates; flowers are white, pink, purple or deep blue.[3] Rosemary also has a tendency to flower outside its normal flowering season; it has been known to flower as late as early December, and as early as mid-February (in the northern hemisphere).[9]
Taxonomy
Salvia rosmarinus is now considered one of many hundreds of species in the genus Salvia.[2] Formerly it was placed in a much smaller genus, Rosmarinus, which contained only two to four species including R. officinalis,[10] which is now considered a synonym of S. rosmarinus. The other species most often recognized is the closely related, Salvia jordanii (formerly Rosmarinus eriocalyx), of the Maghreb of Africa and Iberia.[citation needed]
The name of ros marinus is the plant’s ancient name in classical Latin. Elizabeth Kent noted in her Flora Domestica (1823), “The botanical name of this plant is compounded of two Latin words, signifying Sea-dew; and indeed Rosemary thrives best by the sea.”[11] Both the original and current genus names of the species were applied by the 18th-century naturalist and founding taxonomist Carl Linnaeus.[citation needed]
History
Illustration from an Italian herbal, circa 1500
The first mention of rosemary is found on cuneiform stone tablets as early as 5000 BCE.[12] After that not much is known, except that Egyptians used it in their burial rituals.[13] There is no further mention of rosemary until the ancient Greeks and Romans. Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) wrote about it in The Natural History,[14] as did Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40 CE to c. 90 CE), a Greek botanist (amongst other things). He talked about rosemary in his most famous writing, De Materia Medica, one of the most influential herbal books in history.[15]
The herb then made its way east to China and was naturalized there as early as 220 CE,[3] during the late Han Dynasty.[16]
Rosemary came to England at an unknown date; the Romans probably brought it when they invaded in the first century, but there are no viable records about rosemary arriving in Britain until the 8th century CE. This was credited to Charlemagne, who promoted herbs in general, and ordered rosemary to be grown in monastic gardens and farms.[17]
There are also no records of rosemary being properly naturalized in Britain until 1338, when cuttings were sent by The Countess of Hainault, Jeanne of Valois (1294–1342) to Queen Phillippa (1311–1369), wife of Edward III. It included a letter that described the virtues of rosemary and other herbs that accompanied the gift. The original manuscript can be found in the British Museum. The gift was then planted in the garden of the old palace of Westminster. After this, rosemary is found in most English herbal texts, and is widely used for medicinal and culinary purposes.[18] Hungary water, which dates to the 14th century, was one of the first alcohol-based perfumes in Europe, and was primarily made from distilled rosemary.[19]
Rosemary finally arrived in the Americas with early European settlers in the beginning of the 17th century. It soon was spread to South America and global distribution.[3]
Usage
Illustration from Köhler’s Medicinal PlantsSeeds – MHNT
Upon cultivation, the leaves, twigs, and flowering apices are extracted for use.[20] Rosemary is used as a decorative plant in gardens. The leaves are used to flavor various foods, such as stuffing and roast meats.[21]
Cultivation
Since it is attractive and drought-tolerant, rosemary is used as an ornamental plant in gardens and for xeriscape landscaping, especially in regions of Mediterranean climate.[3] It is considered easy to grow and pest-resistant. Rosemary can grow quite large and retain attractiveness for many years, can be pruned into formal shapes and low hedges, and has been used for topiary. It is easily grown in pots. The groundcover cultivars spread widely, with a dense and durable texture.[3]
Rosemary grows on loam soil with good drainage in an open, sunny position. It will not withstand waterlogging and some varieties are susceptible to frost. It grows best in neutral to alkaline conditions (pH 7–7.8) with average fertility. It can be propagated from an existing plant by clipping a shoot (from a soft new growth) 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, stripping a few leaves from the bottom, and planting it directly into soil.